▼Disposable Values
►1 Basic Disposable API and Concepts
On this page:
1.1 Data Definition
disposable
make-disposable
disposable?
disposable/  c
1.2 Consuming Disposable Values
with-disposable
call/  disposable
acquire
acquire-global
acquire-virtual
1.3 Unsafe Allocation of Disposables
acquire!
1.4 Monadic Composition of Disposables
disposable-pure
disposable-apply
disposable-chain
1.5 Asynchronous Cleanup
disposable/  async-dealloc
1.6 Disposables with Associated Custodians
disposable/  custodian
1.7 Memoization and Disposables
disposable/  memoize
8.16.0.4
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1 Basic Disposable API and Concepts🔗ℹ

A disposable is a producer of values that allocates external resources when producing a value and provides a way to deallocate those resources when a produced value is no longer needed. A value produced by a disposable is called a disposable value.

Disposables are closely related to custodians, but differ in what sort of resources they manage and how those resources are reclaimed. Broadly speaking, resources requiring management can be divided into two categories:

These two kinds of resources have very different implications for programs that use them. Due to the distributed nature of external resources and the inherent unreliability of network communication, it is impossible to guarantee that a given external resource is released. However, system resources are very rarely impossible to release. Custodians are designed to mangage system resources and assume reliable reclamation is possible, placing several restrictions on how programs can use custodians as a result:

These restrictions make managing external resources with custodians inappropriate. Instead, an external resource should be produced by a disposable resulting in a disposable value that can be safely managed in a distributed system.

All of the bindings documented in this section are provided by disposable with the exception of acquire!, which is provided by disposable/unsafe.

    1.1 Data Definition

    1.2 Consuming Disposable Values

    1.3 Unsafe Allocation of Disposables

    1.4 Monadic Composition of Disposables

    1.5 Asynchronous Cleanup

    1.6 Disposables with Associated Custodians

    1.7 Memoization and Disposables

1.1 Data Definition🔗ℹ

Concretely, a disposable is implemented as a thunk that when called allocates a new disposable value and returns that value alongside another thunk that deallocates the external resources associated with that particular disposable value.

procedure

(disposable alloc dealloc) → disposable?

  alloc : (-> any/c)
  dealloc : (-> any/c void?)
Returns a disposable that allocates a disposable value by calling alloc and deallocates external resources associated with that value by calling dealloc on the allocated value. Both procedures are called with breaks disabled. For a more flexible but less convenient interface, see make-disposable.

procedure

(make-disposable proc) → disposable?

  proc : (-> (values any/c (-> void?)))
Returns a disposable that is implemented with proc. The given proc should return two values: a newly allocated value for use by consumers of the disposable, and a thunk that can be used to deallocate any external resources created during allocation of the value. Both proc and the disposal thunk it returns are called with breaks disabled. For the common case where deallocation can be implemented with a function that takes the allocated value as input, prefer the disposable procedure.

procedure

(disposable? v) → boolean?

  v : any/c
Returns #t if v is a disposable, returns #f otherwise.

procedure

(disposable/c c) → contract?

  c : contract?
Returns a contract for a disposable that allocates values matching c.

1.2 Consuming Disposable Values🔗ℹ

Disposable values can be acquired in a variety of ways, ranging from unsafe low level access with acquire! to automated per-thread allocation with acquire-virtual.

syntax

(with-disposable ([id disp-expr] ...) body ...+)

 
  disp-expr : disposable?
Allocates a disposable value with each disp-expr and binds each value to its corresponding id within the scope of the body expressions. The values are deallocated upon exiting the body expressions, even if exiting occurs with an exception or a continuation jump. Additionally, the body expressions are called with a continuation barrier to prevent jumping back into the expressions after deallocation. Deallocation of the id values occurs concurrently; deallocation of one value does not block on deallocation of any other values.

Examples:
> (with-disposable ([x example-disposable]
                    [y example-disposable])
    (- x y))

Allocated 3

Allocated 99

Deallocated 3

Deallocated 99

96

> (with-disposable ([n example-disposable])
    (error "uh oh!"))

Allocated 26

Deallocated 26

uh oh!

procedure

(call/disposable disp proc) → any

  disp : disposable?
  proc : (-> any/c any)
Allocates a disposable value with disp, calls proc with the value as an argument, deallocates the value, then returns the result of calling proc. This is essentially a non-macro form of with-disposable. Like with-disposable, the value is deallocated if control leaves proc due to an exception or a continuation jump, and a continuation barrier prevents jumping back into proc. To use with multiple disposables that are deallocated concurrently, use disposable-apply with list to transform multiple disposables into a single disposable that allocates a list of values.

Examples:
> (call/disposable example-disposable (λ (n) (* n n)))

Allocated 16

Deallocated 16

256

> (call/disposable example-disposable (λ (_) (error "uh oh!")))

Allocated 80

Deallocated 80

uh oh!

procedure

(acquire disp [#:dispose-evt evt]) → any/c

  disp : disposable?
  evt : evt? = (thread-dead-evt (current-thread))
Allocates and returns a value with disp and launches a background thread that deallocates the value when evt is ready for synchronization. Using the default for evt causes the value to be deallocated when the calling thread dies. This is for when a disposable value is inherently tied to the lifteime of the thread using it, such as a connection used while handling a web server request in a servlet model where a new thread is spawned for each request. Other uses include alarm-evt to return a value that is deallocated after a timeout, or using a subprocess? value to deallocate after a subprocess terminates.

Example:
> (sync
   (thread
    (λ ()
      (define n (acquire example-disposable))
      (printf "Acquired ~v\n" n))))

Allocated 51

Acquired 51

Deallocated 51

#<thread>

procedure

(acquire-global disp [#:plumber plumber]) → any/c

  disp : disposable?
  plumber : plumber? = (current-plumber)
Allocates and returns a value with disp and attaches a flush callback to plumber that deallocates the value. This is intended for when a disposable value is used throughout the lifetime of a program, such as a global database connection pool. Globally allocated values can be safely provided by modules for use in other modules just like normal values, allowing the modular definition of global program resources. Note that plumbers expect that after all flush callbacks return the program may exit and kill any remaining threads, so a disposable that is acquired globally should not deallocate values in any asynchronous manner (such as in a background thread). In particular, do not use acquire-global with disposable/async-dealloc.

Examples:
> (define plumb (make-plumber))
> (define n (acquire-global example-disposable #:plumber plumb))

Allocated 76

> (add1 n)

77

> (plumber-flush-all plumb)

Deallocated 76

procedure

(acquire-virtual disp) → (-> any/c)

  disp : disposable?
Returns a thunk that returns a virtual instance of disp, meaning an instance is allocated per-thread the first time a thread calls the thunk and returned in subsequent calls by the same thread. The returned thunk maintains a weak mapping of threads to allocated instances of disp, with instances deallocated whenever their associated threads die (in the same manner as acquire). This may be expensive in high-concurrency scenarios with short lived threads. To use with high concurrency, consider combining with disposable-pool to reuse instances between threads. In particular, see Global Pools with Virtual Leases for a common and convenient access pattern.

Examples:
> (define virtual-example (acquire-virtual example-disposable))
> (define (spawn)
    (thread (λ () (printf "Acquired ~v\n" (virtual-example)))))
> (sync (spawn) (spawn) (spawn))

Allocated 0

Acquired 0

Allocated 72

Acquired 72

Allocated 96

Acquired 96

Deallocated 96

Deallocated 72

Deallocated 0

#<thread>

1.3 Unsafe Allocation of Disposables🔗ℹ

 (require disposable/unsafe) package: disposable

The disposable/unsafe module provides a single export, acquire!, which provides an unsafe building block upon which safe allocation abstractions can be built.

procedure

(acquire! disp) → 
any/c (-> void?)
  disp : disposable?
Returns a newly-allocated value with disp as well as a thunk that deallocates the value when called. This is unsafe, as the caller is responsible for ensuring that the deallocation thunk is called. Both the acquire! procedure and the disposal thunk it returns should be called with breaks disabled.

Examples:
> (define-values (n dispose!) (acquire! example-disposable))

Allocated 59

> (printf "Acquired ~v unsafely\n" n)

Acquired 59 unsafely

> (dispose!)

Deallocated 59

1.4 Monadic Composition of Disposables🔗ℹ

procedure

(disposable-pure v) → disposable?

  v : any/c
Returns a pure disposable. The disposable always returns v when asked to allocate a value and takes no action upon deallocation. Useful with disposable-apply for combining a mix of disposable and plain values.

Example:
> (with-disposable ([n (disposable-pure 42)])
    n)

42

procedure

(disposable-apply f disp ...) → disposable?

  f : procedure?
  disp : disposable?
Returns a disposable value that allocates a value from each disp, calls f with the allocated values, then returns the result of calling f as the allocated value. Deallocation of the value is performed by deallocating each of the source values produced. Deallocation occurs concurrently.

Examples:
> (struct posn (x y) #:transparent)
> (define disposable-posn
    (disposable-apply posn example-disposable example-disposable))
> (with-disposable ([p disposable-posn])
    (printf "Acquired ~v\n" p))

Allocated 29

Allocated 15

Acquired (posn 15 29)

Deallocated 29

Deallocated 15

procedure

(disposable-chain disp f) → disposable?

  disp : disposable?
  f : (-> any/c disposable?)
Returns a disposable that allocates a value from disp, calls f with the allocated value producing a new disposable, then returns a newly allocated value with the disposable returned by f. Deallocation of the value is performed by first deallocating using the disposable returned by f, then deallocating the source value produced by disp after finishing deallocating with the disposable produced by f.

Examples:
> (define (add-example x)
    (disposable-apply (λ (y) (+ x y)) example-disposable))
> (define sum-disp (disposable-chain example-disposable add-example))
> (with-disposable ([v sum-disp])
    (printf "Acquired ~v\n" v))

Allocated 1

Allocated 30

Acquired 31

Deallocated 30

Deallocated 1

1.5 Asynchronous Cleanup🔗ℹ

procedure

(disposable/async-dealloc disp) → disposable?

  disp : disposable?
Returns a disposable that is like disp, but deallocation happens asynchronously in a background thread spawned when deallocation would normally occur. This is intended for disposables where immediately releasing the resource is not required. Note that this is not recommended for use with acquire-global, as it’s important that the plumber used by acquire-global does not finish flushing until all resources have been deallocated.

Examples:
> (with-disposable ([n (disposable/async-dealloc example-disposable)])
    (printf "Acquired ~v\n" n))

Allocated 73

Acquired 73

Deallocated 73

> (sleep 0.1)

1.6 Disposables with Associated Custodians🔗ℹ

procedure

(disposable/custodian disp cust) → disposable?

  disp : disposable?
  cust : custodian?
Returns a disposable that is like disp, but allocation and deallocation occur with cust as the current custodian. Normally, disposables only manage external resources whereas custodians only manage system resources — use of disposable/custodian is reserved for when allocation and deallocation creates both system resources and external resources. This frequently occurs when allocation of a disposable involves creating ports to communicate with other parties, which must be closed by a custodian. In these circumstances disposable/custodian can be used to control which custodian manages all system resources created by a particular disposable.

Added in version 0.4 of package disposable.

1.7 Memoization and Disposables🔗ℹ

procedure

(disposable/memoize f 
  [#:make-dict make-dict]) 
 → (disposable/c procedure?)
  f : (unconstrained-domain-> disposable?)
  make-dict : (-> (and/c dict? dict-mutable?)) = make-hash
Returns a disposable that produces a memoized version of f. Whereas f would normally return a disposable for any given call, the same call to the memoized f instead allocates and returns a value using the disposable that f returns. Furthermore, repeated calls to the memoized f with the same arguments reuse the disposable allocated for the first call. All disposables allocated by the memoized f are deallocated when the disposable returned by disposable/memoize deallocates the memoized f.

Examples:
> (define (color+ex-disp c)
    (disposable-apply list (disposable-pure c) example-disposable))
> (with-disposable ([color+ex (disposable/memoize color+ex-disp)])
    (displayln (color+ex "red"))
    (displayln (color+ex "blue"))
    (displayln (color+ex "red")))

Allocated 35

(red 35)

Allocated 20

(blue 20)

(red 35)

Deallocated 20

Deallocated 35

Reuse of values by the memoized f is achieved by mapping arguments (both positional and keyword) to allocated values in a mutable dictionary. Allocation of the memoized f creates that mutable dictionary using make-dict, which by default produces a mutable hash table that holds keys and values strongly.

Added in version 0.5 of package disposable.

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